Vitamins in the quantities of 25,000 IU vitamin A daily, 600,000 IU vitamin D once, 300 IU of vitamin E twice a day, 500 mg vitamin C four times a day, and one ampule daily of B complex vitamins [thiamine nitrate 3.1 mg, sodium riboflavin phosphate 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B2 3.6 mg), nicotinamide 40 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 4.9 mg (corresponding to vitamin B6 4.0 mg), sodium pantothenate 16.5 mg (corresponding to pantothenic acid 15 mg), sodium ascorbate 113 mg (corresponding to vitamin C 100 mg), biotin 60 μg, folic acid 400 μg, and cyanocobalamin 5 μg] completely eliminated deaths from COVID-19 to 0.0% vs. 13.3% deaths in the control group, according to the clinical study disclosed in Mohammad Taghi Beigmohammadi et al., “The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial,” Trials, 14 November 2021, 22, 802, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05795-4, JIF 2.728 (top 76% journals in Medicine, Research & Experimental).
Vitamin A in the quantity of 200,000 IU per day for 2 days 3 times reduced progression to severe COVID-19 disease vs. the control group, according to the clinical study disclosed in Mahmood M. Al-Sumiadai et al., “Therapeutic effect of vitamin A on COVID-19 patients and its prophylactic effect on contacts,” Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, January 2021, 12(1), 207-210, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rafi-Al-Ani/publication/351637178_THERAPEUTIC_EFFECT_OF_VITAMIN_A_ON_COVID-19_PATIENTS_AND_ITS_PROPHYLACTIC_EFFECT_ON_CONTACTS/links/60a3a278299bf1d21d6f0b9d/THERAPEUTIC-EFFECT-OF-VITAMIN-A-ON-COVID-19-PATIENTS-AND-ITS-PROPHYLACTIC-EFFECT-ON-CONTACTS.pdf, JIF N/A.
Vitamin A in the quantity of 200,000 IU per day for 2 days 7 times reduced deaths from COVID-19 vs. the control group according to the clinical study disclosed in Mahmood M. Al-Sumiadai et al., “Therapeutic effect of Vitamin A on severe COVID-19 patients,” EurAsian Journal of Biosciences, 31 December 2020, 14(2), 7347-7350, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352006870_Therapeutic_effect_of_Vitamin_A_on_severe_COVID-19_patients, JIF N/A.
Nutraceuticals, including vitamin D, vitamin A, zinc, lactoferrin, polyphenols coenzyme Q, magnesium, and selenium, are implicated in the modulation of the complex molecular pathways involved in the immune response against viral pathogens. A common element of the activity of nutraceuticals is their ability to enhance the innate immune response against pathogens by acting on the major cellular subsets and inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, nutraceuticals act through complex molecular mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by the activation of the immune system against pathogens, reducing the oxidative damage, influencing the antigen presentation, enhancing the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory T cells, driving the differentiation of lymphocyte subsets, and modulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, according to Giorgio Costagliola et al., “Nutraceuticals in Viral Infections: An Overview of the Immunomodulating Properties,” Nutrients 2021, 13, 2410, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072410, JIF 6.706 (top 17% journals in Nutrition & Dietetics).